Links to Other Pages and Other Sites

Circadian Sleep Disorders Network does not necessarily agree with the content on other sites that we link to.

Some links have been moved to other pages, where they seem to belong. For example, treatment related links are on the Treatments page. If you don't see something here, please look further, or use the Search box above.

For a list of recently added references (since the last newsletter), see Recently Added References (members only).

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Search the Literature

• PubMed - search the medical literature (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
• ClinicalTrials.gov - list of ongoing clinical studies around the world (U.S. NIH)

Our (Circadian Sleep Disorders Network) pages

• What Are Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders? - our definitions
• Descriptions of Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders - our introductory descriptions

• Our Brochure
• Our DSPS Q&A
• Our Non-24 Q&A
• Our Fact Sheet
• Our Infographic
• Mansbach, Peter, Five 3-Minute Videos Introducing Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (YouTube, 2015)

• Find a Doctor - List of physicians suggested by patients with DSPS or Non-24 - we cannot vouch for physicians on this list, but it may be useful to people looking for a sleep doctor
• Find a Sleep Lab - Sleep labs accommodating DSPD and Non-24 patients' hours - very few entries so far
• Jobs with Flexible Hours - types of jobs, plus some web resources
• Needed Research - Circadian Sleep Disorders Network (June 1, 2019) - presented to SRS/SRBR working group
• Mansbach P, Fadden JSP, and McGovern L, Registry and survey of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder patients (Sleep Medicine: X, 7, 2024)
• Talks, Papers, and Meetings on Behalf of CSD-N

On Social Networks

CSD-N pages

• Our Facebook page
• Our LinkedIn page
• Our X (Twitter) feed
• Our Instagram account
• Our YouTube Channel
• Niteowl Email List - described above

Other pages

• Niteowl: DSPS - Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome - Facebook DSPS Group
• DSPS (Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome) - Facebook DSPS Group
• Non 24-Hour Sleep-Wake Syndrome Support Group - Facebook Non--24 group
• Facebook: DSPS (Delayed-Sleep-Phase-Syndrome) and Non 24 Hour Family Support Group - Facebook Group for family members of people with DSPS or Non-24
• Night owls seeking Night owls! - Facebook Group for night owls looking for that special someone
• Sleep Science - Facebook group: new research on sleep and circadian science
• DSPD - DSPD chat room on Discord
• n24 - Non-24 chat room on Discord
• Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder - Reddit DSPD group
• N24 - Reddit Non-24 group

Country-specific

• Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Australia - Australia Facebook DSPS Group
• DSPS, the Dutch division - Dutch Facebook DSPS Group
• SFSR (Síndrome de la Fase del Sueño Retrasada) - Spanish Facebook DSPS Group
• Fireflies: DSPD UK - UK Facebook DSPS Grooup

Circadian Sleep Disorders
(including both DSPS and Non-24)

Non-Technical Articles

• Definitions (non-technical)
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), 2008)
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder - Wikipedia entry
• delayed2sleep et al, DSPS, A Sleep Disorder - a blog about DSPS and Non-24
Mansbach, Peter, Five 3-Minute Videos, (YouTube, 2015):
1. What Are Circadian Rhythms?
2. What Are Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders?
3. What Is Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder?
4. What Is Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder?
5. Urgent Need For Awaraeness And Accommodation


• Laber-Warren, Emily, Out of Sync (Scientific American Mind, Sept/Oct 2015) - nice description of CRDs and especially Non-24
• Shapley, Haley, What It’s Like to Truly Be Sleepless in Seattle - Life with a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. (SeattleMet, Oct 28, 2025) - partly based on interview with Naomi Mittet
• Curtis, L, Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome and Non-24-Hour Circadian Rhythm Disorder (2004) - an excellent description a mother sent to her son's school
• Circadian rhythm sleep disorder - in ScienceDaily
• Lockley, Steven, Sleep Research in the Blind May Help Us All (2012)
• Peters, Brandon, Does Shift Work Become More Difficult as We Get Older? (2013) - we assume this applies to CRDs, too
• Gallagher, James, Night work 'throws body into chaos' (2014)
• New Study Finds Mistimed Sleep Disrupts Rhythms of Genes in Humans (2014)
• Borel, Brooke, The connection between sleep and mental health: A Q&A with circadian neuroscientist Russell Foster (2013)
• Carboni, Anthony, How Your Brain's Internal Clock Works (2013)
• Koppel, Ted, Nightline: Circadian Sleep Disorders Part 1 (2/21/1996) - Part 2  Part 3 - including our vice president, James Fadden, as one of the guests
• Mansbach, Peter, Misconceptions about Circadian Rhythm Disorders (SleepyHead Central, Nov 29, 2014)
• Coturnix, Clock Tutorial #6: To Entrain Or Not To Entrain, That Is The Question (ScienceBlogs, July 7, 2009) - including scalloping and phase jumping
• Laliberte, Richard, Self-Diagnose Successfully: Patients sometimes understand their baffling conditions better than their physicians. Learn how to build a convincing case and work with your doctor to find answers (Neurology Now: October/November 2016 - 12,5, p 16-20)
• Mansbach, Peter, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: An Overview (A2Zzz Magazine, AAST, 2019Q3)

Books (Non-Technical)

• Sally Cat, Sleep Misfits: the reality of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome & Non-24 (Amazon, 2022)

Research Papers

• Duffy JF, Abbott SM, Burgess HJ et al, Workshop report. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: gaps and opportunities (Sleep, Feb 2021) - SRS/SRBR white paper on needed research in CRSDs
• Auger RR, Burgess HJ, Emens JS et al, Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders:...An Update for 2015 (J Clin Sleep Med. 2015 Oct 15; 11(10): 1199-1236)
• Zee PC, Attarian H, and Videnovic A, Circadian Rhythm Abnormalities (Continuum (Minneap Minn). Feb 2013; 19(1 Sleep Disorders): 132-147)
• Sack, RL et al, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part II, Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Free-Running Disorder, and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm (Sleep. Nov 1, 2007; 30(11): 1484-1501) - AASM Review article on Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, diagnosis and treatment
• Sack, RL et al, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders (Sleep. Nov 1, 2007; 30(11): 1460-1483) - AASM Review article on Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, background
• Mansbach P, Fadden JSP, and McGovern L, Registry and survey of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder patients (Sleep Medicine: X, 7, 2024)
• Dodson, ER and Zee, PC, Therapeutics for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (Sleep Med Clin. Dec 2010; 5(4): 701-715)
• Dagan, Y, Circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) (Sleep Med Rev 2002 Feb;6(1);45-54) - An excellent review article.
• Zhu L and Zee PC, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (Neurol Clin. 2012 Nov; 30(4): 1167-1191)
• Dagan, Y and Abadi, J, Sleep Wake Schedule Disorder Disability: A Life-Long Untreatable Pathology of the Circadian Time Structure (Chronobiol Int 2001 Nov; 18(6); 1019-27)
• Dagan, Y and Borodkin, K, Behavioral and psychiatric consequences of sleep-wake schedule disorders (2005)
• Monk TH, Buyssi DJ, Billy BD et al, Polysomnographic Sleep and Circadian Temperature Rhythms as a Function of Prior Shift Work Exposure in Retired Seniors ( Healthy Aging Clin Care Elder 2013 Apr 29;2013(5):9-19)
• Okawa M and Uchiyama M, Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: Characteristics and entrainment pathology in delayed sleep phase and non-24 sleep-wake syndrome (Sleep Medicine Reviews (2007) 11, 485-496)
• Stone LS, Tyson TL, Cravalh PF et al, Distinct pattern of oculomotor impairment associated with acute sleep loss and circadian misalignment (Journal of Physiology, 06 Aug 2019)
• Hashimotos, Nakamura K, and Honma K, Non-photic entrainment of human rest-activity cycle independent of circadian pacemaker (2004)
• Lack, LC, Gradisar, M, Van Someren, EJW et al, The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures ( Sleep Med Rev 2008 Aug;12(4):307-17)
• Micic G, Lovato N, Gradisar M, et al, Circadian Melatonin and Temperature Taus in Delayed Sleep-wake Phase Disorder and Non-24-hour Sleep-wake Rhythm Disorder Patients: An Ultradian Constant Routine Study (J Biol Rhythms 2016 Aug;31(4):387-405)
• Abbott SM, Choi J, Wilson J and Zee PC, Melanopsin-dependent phototransduction is impaired in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and sighted non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder (Sleep 44, 2, Feb 2021)

Research Papers - Adverse Effects

• Wright KP Jr, et al, Sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans (2006)
• Scheer FA, Hilton MF, Mantzoros CS, Shea SA, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Mar 17;106(11):4453-8)
• Buxton, OM et al, Adverse Metabolic Consequences in Humans of Prolonged Sleep Restriction Combined with Circadian Disruption (2012) - Obesity and Diabetes.
• Summa, KC, Vitaterna, MH, and Turek, FW, Environmental Perturbation of the Circadian Clock Disrupts Pregnancy in the Mouse (2012)
• Gibson, EM et al, Experimental 'Jet Lag' Inhibits Adult Neurogenesis and Produces Long-Term Cognitive Deficits in Female Hamsters (2010)
• Dumbell R, Matveeva O, and Oster H, Circadian Clocks, Stress, and Immunity (Front. Endocrinol., 02 May 2016)
• Leproult R, Holmb äck U, Van Cauter E, Circadian misalignment augments markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, independently of sleep loss (Diabetes. 2014 Jun;63(6):1860-9)
• Haspel JA, Anafi R, Brown MK et al, Perfect timing: circadian rhythms, sleep, and immunity – an NIH workshop summary (JCI Insight. 2020;5(1):e131487) - “it is increasingly clear that circadian gating is part of the core programing of the immune system, and thus, alteration of this regimen is likely to have widespread ramifications for disease pathogenesis”

Classification of CRSDs

• American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (1994) - not available online
• American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (2013) - not available online. The American Psychiatric Association wanted to charge us $1500 just to quote a portion of the new DSPS and Non-24 definitions.
• Medina, Johnna, Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder Symptoms (PsychCentral 2014) - definition of CRSD updated for DSM-5
• ICD-10-CM Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders classifications
• American Academy of Sleep Medicine, The International Classification Of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition (ICSD-2) (2005) - not available online

Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder (DSPD/DSWPD/DSPS)

Non-Technical Articles

• DSPS - Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome - with additional links
• Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder - Wikipedia entry
• Strauss, Ilana E, Not Everyone's Internal Clock Is Set for the 9-to-5 (The Atlantic, Jan 13 2015)
• Fernando, Tony, Body Clocks, Sleep and Society (TEDxAuckland talk, Nov 2019) - mostly about DSPD
Ancowitz, Nancy, series about DSPS, published on salary.com:
1. How Your Bedtime Is Affecting Your Job Performance (2012)
2. Change Your Career, Not Your Sleep Habits (2013)
3. Should Some Employees Be Allowed to Start Work Late? (2013)
4. Why Working 9 to 5 Might Be Bad for Your Health (2013)
5. Are Night Owls Lazy Employees? (2013)
• DSPS owl, A Little Bit Special: DSPS, a sleep disorder (2007) - on Daily Kos
• Hedrick, Bill, THE Unknown Sleep Disorder (2011) - in Kilgore News Herald
• ADDitude Magazine editors, [Self-Test] Could You Have Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder? (additudemag.com Jan 2025)
• Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome (2009) - in Sleep and Health Journal
• Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome - in Sleep Disorders Guide
• Medlink Neurology: Delayed sleep phase syndrome - An excellent summary - click on ClinicalSummaries/Alphabetical/D/Delayed....
• Gardner, Amanda, Is 'social jet lag' harming your health? (2012) - connection with obesity; "Paying more attention to our body clocks may be good for the economy as well as our health"
• Harris, Shelby Freedman, Snoozing Till Noon? It Could Be A Sleep Disorder (2012)
• Strange, Ava, Not lazy, just different: Living with Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome (Offbeat Home & Life, Feb 12, 2015)
• Konnikova, Maria, No, Mornings Don't Make You Moral (New Yorker, Feb 25, 2015)
• Resnick, Brian, If you're just not a morning person, science says you may never be (Vox Science & Health, Mar 18, 2016)
• Late sleeper? Blame your genes. (Vox, June 1, 2016)
• Fox, Maggie, This night owl gene mutation turns people into sleep Martians (CNBC.com, 4/7/17)
• Williams, Alex, Maybe Your Sleep Problem Isn't a Problem (New York Times, Aug 25, 2018) - maybe it's an advantage
• Delayed Sleeper (2018) - a blog about DSPD
• Barbara, Vanessa, Early to Bed, Early to Rise, Makes Me Diabetic, Depressed and Sick (NYTimes Oct 28, 2019) - nice general description
• McGlashan E and Vidafar P, We're all sensitive to light at night, but some are much, much more sensitive than others (Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, Nov 5, 2019) - a 50-fold difference in individual responses!
• Hall, Rachel, Extreme night owls: 'I can't tell anyone what time I go to bed' (The Guardian, 31 May, 2020)
• Strauss, Ilana, My Life With a Sleep Disorder That Makes Me Nocturnal (The CUT, Jan 4 2018)
• Stephens, Tim, Scientists discover how a common mutation leads to 'night owl' sleep disorder (UC Santa Cruz, Oct 26, 2020)
• Sholars, Mike, Sleep equity: good for night owls and early birds (2020) - people do better work on their own rhythm
• Wharton, Alexandra, Did Elvis Have Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder? (Delayed Sleeper, Aug 2020)
• The night owl problem: the surprising reason late sleepers are less happy (The Guardian, Lifestyle 7 Dec 2021) - it's because they experience less support from friends and family
• Cantor, Matthew, Sleeping late isn't a sign of laziness. Stop the circadian-rhythm shaming (The Guardian, Jan 30 2023)
• Hoang, Vivian, Night owls deserve love and acceptance, not judgment (The Flat Hat, College of William and Mary, Feb 20, 2023)
• Burton, Arielle, Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome: Why Your Internal Clock Keeps You Up at Night (CNET Jan 24, 2024)

Research Papers

• Weitzman, ED, Czeisler, CA et al, Delayed sleep phase syndrome. A chronobiological disorder with sleep-onset insomnia (Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1981 Jul;38(7):737-46) - The original paper describing DSPS (abstract)
• Auger RR, Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (UpToDate 2022) - a review
• Oren, DA and Wehr, TA, Hypernyctohemeral Syndrome after Chronotherapy for Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1762) - Chronotherapy for DSPS may lead to Non-24-Hour Disorder
• Revell, VL, Burgess, HJ, et al, Advancing Human Circadian Rhythms with Afternoon Melatonin and Morning Intermittent Bright Light (2006)
• Uchiyama M, Okawa M, et al, Poor compensatory function for sleep loss as a pathogenic factor in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome (Sleep. 2000 Jun 15;23(4):553-8)
• Uchiyama M, Okawa M, et al, Poor recovery sleep after sleep deprivation in delayed sleep phase syndrome (Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (1999), 53, 195-197)
• Crowley, SJ, Acebo, C, and Carskadon, MA, Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence (2007) - Much of this applies to adults too
• Campbell SS and Murphy PJ, Delayed sleep phase disorder in temporal isolation (Sleep 2007 Sep 1, 30(9): 1225-1228) - a longer circadian period, and altered relationship with temperature, and disturbed sleep even at his preferred schedule (one DSPS subject)
• Micic G, de Bruyn A, Lovato N et al, The endogenous circadian temperature period length (tau) in delayed sleep phase disorder compared to good sleepers (J Sleep Res, Dec 2013, 22: 61-624) - DSPD patients had a longer circadian period
• Shibui K, Uchiyama M, Kim K, et al, Melatonin, cortisol and thyroid-stimulating hormone rhythms are delayed in patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome (2003)
• Baehr EK, Revelle W, Eastman CI, Individual differences in the phase and amplitude of the human circadian temperature rhythm: with an emphasis on morningness-eveningness (J Sleep Res. 2000 Jun;9(2):117-27) - DSPS people have later and lower minimum temperature (and so wake up more slowly)
• Oren DA, Turner EH, and Wehr TA, Abnormal circadian rhythms of plasma melatonin and body temperature in the delayed sleep phase syndrome (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Mar 1995; 58(3): 379)
• Strogatz SH, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA, Circadian pacemaker interferes with sleep onset at specific times each day: role in insomnia (Am J Physiol. 1987 Jul;253(1 Pt 2):R172-8) - sometimes referred to as the "forbidden zone"
• Zhdanova IV, Masuda K, Boshokin SV et al, Familial Circadian Rhythm Disorder in the Diurnal Primate, Macaca mulatta (PLoS One. 2012; 7(3): e33327) - DSPD in monkeys, normal intrinsic period, and desynchrony of their rhythms
• Richardson CE, Gradisar M, and Barbero SC, Are cognitive "insomnia" processes involved in the development and maintenance of delayed sleep wake phase disorder? (Sleep Medicine Reviews, Apr 2016)
• Micic G, Lovato N, Gradisar M et al, The etiology of delayed sleep phase disorder (Sleep Med Rev. 2016 Jun;27:29-38) - an excellent discussion of various possible causes of DSPD
• Watson LA, Phillips AJK, Hosken IT et al, Increased sensitivity of the circadian system to light in delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (J Physiol. Dec 2018,596(24):6249-6261)
• Lovato N, Micic G, Gradisar M et al, Can the circadian phase be estimated from self-reported sleep timing in patients with Delayed Sleep Wake Phase Disorder to guide timing of chronobiologic treatment? (Chronobiol Int. 2016) - yes
• Phillips AJK, Vidafar P, Burns AC et al, High sensitivity and interindividual variability in the response of the human circadian system to evening light (PNAS June 11, 2019 116 (24) 12019-12024) - a 50-fold difference in individual responses!
• Colelli DR, Dela Cruz GR, Kenzerska T et at, Impact of sleep chronotype on in-laboratory polysomnographyparameters (Journal of Sleep Research, 2023) - eveningness chronotype was associated with reduced sleep quality [in lab PSGs]

Prevalence of DSPD:

• Schrader H, Bovim G, and Sand T, The prevalence of delayed and advanced sleep phase syndromes (J Sleep Res. 1993 Mar;2(1):51-55) - 0.17% based on 10,000 people [Norway]
• Yazaki, M et al, Demography of sleep disturbances associated with circadian rhythm disorders in Japan (Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 53: 267-268, Apr 1999) - 0.13% based on 1500 people [Japan]
• Paine SJ, Fink J, Gander PH, Warman GR, Identifying advanced and delayed sleep phase disorders in the general population: a national survey of New Zealand adults (Chronobiol Int. 2014 Jun;31(5):627-36) - 1.51% using strict definition, but based on self-report questionnaire

Technical articles on genetic differences:

• Ebisawa, T, Uchiyama, M et al, Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome (EMBO Rep. 2001 Apr;2(4):342-6)
• Mishima, K et al, The 3111T/C Polymorphism of hClock Is Associated with Evening Preference and Delayed Sleep Timing in a Japanese Population Sample (2005)
• Lim AS, Chang AM, Shulman JM, et al, A common polymorphism near PER1 and the timing of human behavioral rhythms (2012)
• Ebisawa T, Kajimura N, Uchiyama M et al, Alleic variants of human melatonin 1a receptor: function and prevalence in subjects with circadian rhythm sleep disorders (Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Sep 7;262(3):832-7) - non-24 in particular
• Xu Y, Padiath QS, Shapiro RE et al, Functional consequences of a CKIdelta mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome (2005)
• Kripke DF, Klimecki WT, Nievergelt CM, et al, Circadian Polymorphisms in Night Owls, in Bipolars, and in Non-24-Hour Sleep Cycles (Psychiatry Investig. 2014 Oct;11(4):345-362)
• Patke A, Murphy PJ, Onat OE, et at, Mutation of the Human Circadian Clock Gene CRY1 in Familial Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (Cell 2017.03)
• Yoo SH, Kojima S, Shimomura K et al, Period2 3'-UTR and microRNA-24 regulate circadian rhythms by repressing PERIOD2 protein accumulation (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Oct 17;114(42))
• Hida A, Ohsawa Y, Kitamura S et al, Evaluation of circadian phenotypes utilizing fibroblasts from patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders (Translational Psychiatry 7,e1106 (2017))
• Braun R, Kath WL, Iwanaszko M et al, Universal method for robust detection of circadian state from gene expression (Proc Nat Acad Sciences 10 Sept 2018)
• Peiyuan Qiu, Jian Jiang, Zhen Liu et al, BMAL1 knockout macaque monkeys display reduced sleep and psychiatric disorders (National Science Review, nwz002, 24 January 2019)
• anon, PER3 period circadian regulator 3 (2020)
• Parico GCG, Perez I, Fribourgh JL et al, The human CRY1 tail controls circadian timing by regulating its association with CLOCK:BMAL1 (PNAS Oct 26, 2020)

Articles Focusing on Adolescents or Children

Non-Technical Articles

• Rosenberg, Russell, Is It Typical Teenage Behavior -- Or A Sleep Disorder? (2011)
• Snider, Terra Ziporyn, Teens need to start school later (CNN Opinion, Aug 28, 2014)
• Snider, Terra Ziporyn, The Start School Later Movement (SleepyHead Central, Nov 2014)
• Snider, Terra Ziporyn, 8 Things You Probably Don't Know About Starting School Later (Thrive Global, May 25, 2017) - take-aways from 2017 teen sleep conference
• Kelley, Paul and Lee, Clark, Later School Start Times in Adolescence: Time for Change (Education Commission of the States, 2014) - a summary report
• Popova, Maria, Sleep and the Teenage Brain (Brain Pickings, July 2013) - biological need for starting school later
• Preidt, Robert, Less Sleep in Teen Years Tied to More Pounds at 21 (US News HealthDay, Aug 28, 2014)
• van der Vinne V, Zerbini G, Siersema A, et al, Timing of Examinations Affects School Performance Differently in Early and Late Chronotypes (J Biol Rhythms Dec 2014)
• Delayed Sleep Wake Phase Disorder (Boston Children's Hospital)
• Lee CJ, Nolan DM, Lockley SW, & Pattison B, Law-Based Arguments and Messages to Advocate for Later School Start Time Policies in the United States (Sleep Health, 3(6), 486-497, 2017)
• Carpenter, Susan, Teens Might Finally Get Enough Sleep with 9 a.m. LAUSD Start Time ((L.A.) Spectrum News, Aug 20, 2020) - pandemic reveals teens' natural sleep times

see additional references on the Start School Later website


Books (Non-Technical)

• Lewis, Lisa L, The Sleep-Deprived Teen: Why Our Teenagers Are So Tired, and How Parents and Schools Can Help Them Thrive (Mango Publ Gp, 2022) - book
• Emsellem, Helene A and Whitely, Carol, Snooze... or Lose!: 10 "No-War" Ways to Improve Your Teen's Sleep Habits (2006)

Research Papers

• Carskadon, MA, Sleep in Adolescents: The Perfect Storm (Pediatr Clin North Am. 2011 Jun; 58(3): 637-647)
• Crowley, SJ, Acebo, C, and Carskadon, MA, Sleep, circadian rhythms, and delayed phase in adolescence (Sleep Medicine 8 (2007) 602-612)
• Wright KP Jr, et al, Sleep and wakefulness out of phase with internal biological time impairs learning in humans (2006)
• Hagenauer MH, Perryman JI, Lee TM, and Carskadon MA, Adolescent Changes in the Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation of Sleep (Dev Neurosci. 2009 Jun; 31(4): 276-284)

Prevalence

• Hazama GI, Inoue Y, Kojima K et al, The prevalence of probable delayed-sleep-phase syndrome in students from junior high school to university in Tottori, Japan (2008) - 0.48%
• Saxvig IW, Pallesen S et al, Prevalence and correlates of delayed sleep phase in high school students (Sleep Med. 2012 Feb;13(2):193-9) - 8.4%
• Lovato N, Gradisar M, Short M et al, Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder in an Australian School-Based Sample of Adolescents (J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 Sep; 9(9): 939-944) - prevalence 1.1%
• Danielsson K, Markström A, Broman JE et al, Delayed sleep phase disorder in a Swedish cohort of adolescents and young adults: Prevalence and associated factors (Chronobiol Int. 2016;33(10):1331-133) - 4%
• Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder in Youth, Gradisar M and Crowley SJ (Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2013 Nov; 26(6): 580-585) - between 1% and 16%

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder

Non-Technical Articles

• Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (WebMD 2015)
• Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder - Wikipedia entry
• Fadden, James, What You Need to Know About Non-24 (Sleep Review, May 11, 2015)
• Fadden, James and Sharkey, Katherine, Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (2017) - detailed description on the NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) web site
• About N24 - Nice succinct description by someone with the disorder
• Fadden, James, N24 Awareness Day 2014: Myths and Reality (Nov 24, 2014) - misperceptions arising from the Vanda ad campaign
• Hypernychthemeral syndrome - on Orphanet - ORPHA73267
• Medlink Neurology: Circadian rhythm sleep disorder: free-running type - An excellent summary - click on ClinicalSummaries/Alphabetical/C/Circadian....
• Non-24 (Vanda Pharmaceuticals, 2015) - mostly in regard to blind people
• Roth, Thomas, Insights into Non-24-Hour Disorder (2013) - slide presentation
• Smith, Wendy, Book review: 'Glow,' by Ned Beauman (2015) - 'Glow' is a novel whose protagonist has Non-24
• The Cause and Effects of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (Vanda Pharmaceuticals, 2015) - geared toward Non-24 in the blind
• Non 24 hour sleep wake disorder (NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) 2014)
• Non-24-Hour Sleep Wake Disorder: Facts and Prevalence (National Sleep Foundation, 2014)
• Cox, Nagin and Johnson, LA, illus. by Shrestha, Anuj, Comic: It Takes Time (TED Radio Hour Comics, July 2022) - NASA engineer on having to live on Martian time (24hr40min day)
• Reed, Michael, I've been tired every moment of every day for over two decades (Metro.co.uk 15 Nov 2020) - author was finally diagnosed as Non-24

Research Papers

• Sack, RL et al, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part II, Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Free-Running Disorder, and Irregular Sleep-Wake Rhythm (2007) - AASM Review article on Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders, diagnosis and treatment
• Uchiyama M and Lockley SW, Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Rhythm Disorder in Sighted and Blind Patients (Sleep Med Clin. 2015 Dec;10(4):495-516) - (abstract only). An excellent review article, but we don't have a link to the full article
• Uchiyama M et al, Larger phase angle between sleep propensity and melatonin rhythms in sighted humans with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (Sleep. 2002 Feb 1;25(1):83-8)
• Hayakawa T et al, Clinical analyses of sighted patients with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome: a study of 57 consecutively diagnosed cases (2005)
• Sack RL, Lewy AJ, et al, Circadian rhythm abnormalities in totally blind people: incidence and clinical significance (1992)
• Uchiyama M, Okawa M, et al, Delayed phase jumps of sleep onset in a patient with non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome (Sleep. 1996 Oct;19(8):637-40)
• Shibui K, Uchiyama M, et al, Periodic fatigue symptoms due to desynchronization in a patient with non-24-h sleep-wake syndrome (1998)
• Wever RA, Fractional desynchronization of human circadian rhythms. A method for evaluating entrainment limits and functional interdependencies (1983)
• Oren DA, Giesen HA, Wehr TA, Restoration of detectable melatonin after entrainment to a 24-hour schedule in a 'free-running' man (Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1997 Jan;22(1):39-52)
• A Hida, Y Ohsawa, S Kitamura et al, Evaluation of circadian phenotypes utilizing fibroblasts from patients with circadian rhythm sleep disorders (Translational Psychiatry 7,e1106 (2017)) - may be useful for diagnosing Non-24 and evaluating promise of treatment
• Garbazza C, Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder in Sighted Patients: Dealing With an Orphan Disease (J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(8):1445-1446)
• Emens JS, St Hilaire MA, Klerman EB, et al, Behaviorally and environmentally induced non-24-hour sleep-wake rhythm disorder in sighted patients (J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(2):453-459) - Note: they say it CAN be behaviorally induced in SOME sighted people, not that it is always so.

Treatment of DSPS and Non-24

• Treatment of DSPS and Non-24 - our Treatments page
  including sleep hygeine, light therapy, melatonin, chronotherapy, light restriction, sleep deprivation/phase advance, light boxes, goggles, etc

Personal Stories

These stories are in the words of the people submitting them. We do not verify the information they contain, and do not judge their applicability to others. What works for some may not work for others.

DSPD

• Clancie, A Path to Successful Light Therapy (2012) - a successful treatment experience
• Beth, Living with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) (2012)
• Peter, My Story with DSPS (2012) - a lucky break
• Beth, My Life with DSPS (2012)
• E., The Effects of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome on My Life (2012)
• K., K's Narrative (2011)
• Amy, Amy's Story (2015)
• Elyse, Tenacity Got Me Accommodations for DSPS (2016)
• Foeth, Annechien, My "Marriage" to Mr. DSPS (2016)
• B., B's Story Managing DSPD (2018)
• Spellman, Rachel A, Learning to Live on My Time (2019) - much happier and healthier living on her body's schedule
• Wharton, Alexandra, Alexandra's Life With Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder (2020)

• Gefter, Amanda, The Night Girl Finds a Day Boy (New York Times, Dec 23, 2016) - a lovely (and true) romance
•    the above essay in podcast form (WBUR Modern Love, Aug 2019)
•    O'Keefe, Caitlin, The Night Girl Finds A Day Boy | With Logan Browning (WBUR Modern Love, Aug 2019) - from an interview with the above author. "Amanda wakes up around 5pm, and goes to bed around 9am"
• Craig, Sleep Disorders - Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (2010) - YouTube video
• Wharton, Alexandra, Delayed Sleeper (2018) - personal website
• Ranieri, Jason Balingit, Are you a morning lark or a night owl? You know what you are. (2020) - Jason's life with DSPD

Non-24

• Moca, Cat, Cat's Story with Non-24 (2014)
• Clay, My experience trying to cure N24 (2012)
• Like an Orchestra Out of Tune with No Conductor (2012)
• Mark, Mark's Story With Non-24 (2012) - in the UK
• Fadden, James, My Grandmother Figured it Out First (2018)
• Mitch, Mitch's success story (2020)
• Leslie, Non-24 Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder: My Experience (2020)

• Curtis, L, Having trouble adjusting to the time change? Imagine doing it EVERY DAY. (2004) - a parent's description of her son's DSPS/Non-24 and its treatment
• Hume, Jonathan, Wordthings of Jon: Living with N24 - some select quotes (2013)
• Baphuacs, Oijo, The Sandman is from Mars: Defeating the Non-24hr sleep-wake syndrome (2009) - primarily light restriction and meditation
• Number 6, Stuff In My Head (ongoing) - a blog
• Singer finds worldwide fanbase through Quarantine Karaoke... (KXLY.com, May 1, 2020) - a blind woman, Samantha Wyatt, struggles with Non-24
• Reed, Michael, I've been tired every moment of every day for over two decades (Metro (UK), 15 Nov 2020) - Michael's experience with Non-24 and the struggle before diagnosis
• Larroque, Stephen Karl, SleepNon24VLiDACMel - VLiDACMel therapy for entrainment of treatment-resistant sighted non24 (2020) - claims to control his sighted Non-24

Special Topics of Interest, by Our Members

• Mansbach, Peter, Why Treatment May Not Work For Everyone (2012)
• Fadden, James, Scalloping (2012)
• Fadden, James, Vitamin B-12 and Circadian Sleep Disorders (2012)
• Length of Circadian Cycle in Humans (2012) - it's 24.2 hours, not 25
• Mansbach, Peter, Lux (2013) - an introduction to lux
• Mansbach, Peter, Phase Response Curve (PRC) (2014)
• Fadden, James, N24 Awareness Day 2014: Myths and Reality (Nov 24, 2014) - misperceptions arising from the Vanda ad campaign
• Fadden, James, Chronotherapy and the risk of N24 (2015)
• Fadden, James, Can Chronotherapy Cause Non-24? (Q&A) (2015)
• Fadden, James, Non-24: Think Zebras (Nov 24, 2015) - N24 Awareness Day 2015
• Fadden, James, Genetics, the New Face of N24 and DSPS (Nov 24, 2016) - N24 Awareness Day 2016
• Fadden, James, N24 Awareness Day 2017:Through the Looking Glass (Nov 24, 2017) - N24 Awareness Day 2017
• Ushev, HD, Circadian Rhythm Timing Analogy With Heart Rhythm Timing (Graphic) (2020)

Talks, Papers, and Meetings on Behalf of CSD-N

In reverse chronological order:

• Wharton, Alexandra, Registry and survey of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder patients (NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board, Apr 4, 2024) - Slides only
• Mansbach P, Fadden JSP, and McGovern L, Registry and survey of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorder patients (Sleep Medicine: X, 7, 2024 (online Dec 2023))
• Mittet, Naomi, Slides for Patient Organizations Intro at SLEEP2023 (June 2023)
• Wharton, Alexandra, Why Sleeping After Daylight Saving Sucks (Vice News, Mar 15, 2021 [YouTube date Mar 16])
• Wharton, Alexandra, Night Owls Unite (My Life With Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Part II) (SRBR Jan 2021)
• Wharton, Alexandra, My Life With Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder, Part I (SRBR Oct 2020)
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board (Jan 6, 2020)
• Wharton, Alexandra, Night Owls and Late Chronotypes Unite - Let's Stop Living Against Our Body Clocks! (Stanford Medicine X Conference, Sept 22, 2019)
• Mansbach, Peter, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: An Overview (A2Zzz Magazine, AAST, 2019Q3)
• Fadden, James; Mansbach, Peter; and Plawsky, Susan, Needed Research - Circadian Sleep Disorders Network (June 1, 2019) - presented to SRS/SRBR working group
• Mansbach, Peter, Please Add Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders to the NHLBI Website, Presented at Jan 2019 SDRAB meeting (2019)
• McGovern, Lynn, SLEEP 2018 Conference (2018)
• Plawsky, Susan, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board (2018) - need for research on sleep disorders, not just normal sleep
• Mansbach, Peter, Introduction to Circadian Sleep Disorders Network, Presented at AAHS Summit June 5, 2018 (2018) - text   slides
• Fadden, James and Sharkey, Katherine, Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (2017) - detailed description on the NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) web site
• Mansbach, Peter, Some Preliminary Survey Results, Presented at NIH SDRAB Meeting June 22, 2017 (2017) - text   slides
•     talk (audio) with slides
• Plawsky, Susan, CRD patients represented at the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board Apr 14, 2016 (2016)
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board Apr 14, 2016 (2016)
• Fadden, James, What You Need to Know About Non-24 (Sleep Review, May 11, 2015)
• CSD-N Board of Directors, Circadian Sleep Disorders Network COMMENTS on the 2015 AASM Draft Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Intrinsic Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders (May 2015)
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board Apr 29, 2015 (2015)
• Mansbach, Peter, Misconceptions about Circadian Rhythm Disorders (SleepyHead Central, Nov 29, 2014)
• Mansbach, Peter, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders - Talk at ASBA (American Sleep & Breathing Academy) Sleep and Wellness Conference, May 2014 (2014) - text   slides
•     talk (audio) with slides
• Mansbach, Peter, Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders - ASBA (American Sleep & Breathing Academy) Webinar Mar 19, 2014 (2014) - text   slides
•     talk (audio) with slides
• Mansbach, Peter, Testimony submitted to FDA re narcolepsy drug development (2013)
• Mansbach, Peter, Talk at Narcolepsy Network National Conference Oct 19, 2013 (2013) - text   slides
•     video re-enactment of the above talk
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board Sep 23, 2013 (2013) - and notes from the meeting
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to NSART (National Sleep Awareness RoundTable) (2013)
• Mansbach, Peter, Presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board Feb 25, 2013 (2013) - and notes from the meeting
•     video re-enactment of part of the above talk
• Mansbach, Peter, Narcolepsy Network Conference (2012) - items of interest to CRSD people
• Mansbach, Peter, Introduction to Circadian Sleep Disorders Network (2012) - presentation to the NIH Sleep Disorders Research Advisory Board May 30, 2012, on the difficulties faced by CRSD sufferers
•     video re-enactment of the above talk
• Mansbach, Peter, Narcolepsy Network Conference (2011) - items of interest to CRSD people

Sample Letters

Several members have contributed letters which they or their doctors have written in support of accommodation for CRSDs. We include them here in case they can be of use to others. Names have been changed or removed. They are provided as guidance, but will generally have to be rewritten to suit your individual circumstances.

You must be a member of Circadian Sleep Disorders Network to access these.
You may join here.

• Letter from a doctor to a school
• Letter from a doctor to an employer
• Long letter from a parent to a school, including a description of DSPS and Non-24
• Letter regarding morning training for an evening job
• Sample letter from a sleep doctor seeking late medical appointments for the patient
• Teenager arrested for 'not getting out of bed' likely has a SLEEP DISORDER! - letter to the police chief in authority

For Monitoring or Charting Your Sleep; Misc Apps

Charting

• Harris, Shelby, How to Track Your Sleep (The Land of Nod [Psychology Today], Oct 8, 2013)
• Formula for healthy sleep - this article includes some help for the above supermemo program
• Sleep Gadget - iPhone/iPad app to chart your sleep, manually or automatically
• Sleep Bot - sleep tracking for Android and iPhone
• Hristo D Ushev, Sleep Log (2023) - Updated - Excel spreadsheet for recording your sleep
• Hourly Planners - print forms to fill in manually
• Sleep Diary - printable form to fill in manually
• Fadden, James, Charting the course of Non-24 (2010) - discussion including some examples of 'double-plotting'

Monitoring Sleep

Most of these devices track wrist movement and infer sleep/wake from that. They are likely not very accurate for many individuals. In some case the accuracy quoted refers to the accuracy of movement detection, not of sleep detection. At best they do not directly detect sleep stages but only infer them from motion or heart rate.

• In-Depth: Tracking winks — Digital health and the growing importance of sleep (MobiHealthNews Sept 5, 2014) - a review of currently available sleep monitors
• SleepTracker - tracks sleep stages via wrist movement
• Sleep Cycle - tracks wake and sleep via mattress movement (iPhone/iPad)
• Sleep As Android - tracks wake and sleep via wrist movement (Android devices)
• Sleepmeter Free - Android
• Fitbit - wrist monitors track wake and sleep via wrist movement and (some models) heart rate

Monitoring Core Body Temperature

• Temperature Probe Data Logger

Monitoring Melatonin Level

Calculating Non-24

• Mansbach, Peter, Calculate Wake Times and Sleep Times for Constant Delay (2019) - a calculator for predicting your sleep times in advance if you're Non-24 with a constant delay
• Karunus, Evgenia, Meresei - Non-24 Sleep Calendar (2025) - a graphical version of the above
• Brown,Lisa, Merlin Watch Face (2020) - converts sleep cycles to a 24-hour format to enable a 'daily' routine for eating and sleeping. Also shows time in the real world.

Measuring Reaction Time

• Reaction Time Test - a reflex test to see how tired you are

Masking Noise

Sunrise/Sunset

• Sunrise and Sunset Calculator

Accommodation and Disability

US Information

General

• ADA HOME PAGE (ada.gov) - Americans with Disability Act Information
• Information and Technical Assistance on the Americans with Disability Act (ada.gov) - telephone number and hours
• Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, As Amended (ada.gov) - ADA full text
• Disability Secrets (Nolo 2015) - also has links to lists of attorneys
•    their chart - showing the appeals process
• Invisible Disabilities Association
• National Council on Disability
• Feuer, Devon, Disability Resource Guide (Zippia The Career Expert, 2020)

Jobs

• The ADA: Your Employment Rights as an Individual With a Disability - this does not mention sleeping as a major life activity, which was added in 2008
• JAN - Job Accommodation Network
• JAN: Accommodation and Compliance Series: Employees with Sleep Disorders
• JAN: Accommodation and Compliance Series: The ADA Amendments Act of 2008 - a discussion of the 2008 amendments to the ADA, including sleep (download)
• JAN: Employees' Practical Guide to Negotiating and Requesting Reasonable Accommodations Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
• U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - enforces laws on discrimination on account of disability (etc)
• Rubino, Kathryn, Biglaw Firm Gets Hit With ADA Lawsuit (AboveTheLaw.com, May 8, 2015) - law firm sued for not letting DSPD attorney work later shift (not yet resolved)
• Goren, William D, Guide for Job Seekers & Workers with a Disability (MoneyGeek.com, 2016)
• Kurtuy, Andrei, Career Guide for People With Disabilities (2020)
• Flygare, Julie et at, Narcolepsy at Work (Project Sleep, 2022) - toolkit, video, podcast - much of the advice would apply to circadian rhythm sleep disorders too
• Dozier, Racquel H, Advocating for Your Rights in the Workplace (Social Health Network, 2025)

Jobs with Flexible Hours

School

• Wrightslaw - legal information about accommodations in education
• School Accommodations (2012)
• Flygare, Julie, Navigating School With Narcolepsy - Toolkit (Project Sleep, 2022) - some of these would be useful for CRSDs too
• Flygare, Julie, School Accommodations for Narcolepsy (2014) - some of these would be useful for CRSDs too
• Brooks, Diana, Narcolepsy 504 Plans for High School Students - Tips for Parents (2014) - useful for CRSDs too
• National Council on Disability: Rocking the Cradle: Ensuring the Rights of Parents with Disabilities and Their Children - Chapter 3: Disability Law Framework (2012) - especially parents with disabilities
• Parents with Disabilities and their Children: Promoting Inclusion and Awareness in the Classroom (2013) - from Through the Looking Glass (organization)
• Crash Course: Public School Accommodations for Children with Hypersomnia (Hypersomnia Foundation, 2015)
• Protecting Students With Disabilities: Frequently Asked Questions About Section 504 and the Education of Children with Disabilities (OCR [Office for Civil Rights], U.S. Dept of Education, 2015)
• McCullum, Kenya, Resource Guide for Parents of Students with Disabilities - Understanding ADA, Section 504, IDEA and IEP (Community for Accredited Online Schools, 2018)
• Education Essentials for Students (Hypersomnia Foundation 2017) - High School and College; directed at hypersomnia patients, but applicable to CRDs also

School - College and Beyond

• College Resources for Disabled Students
• College Support for Students with Disabilities (undated)
• Students with Disabilities Preparing for Postsecondary Education (Office for Civil Rights (U.S.), 2011)
• Reasonable Accommodations Explained (American Psychological Assoc 2018) - college
• Accredited Online Colleges - Information on online degree programs
• College Degrees Online (2019) - includes some career info
• Online Data Science Programs
• Careers & Degrees in Healthcare: A Guide for Students with Disabilities (EduMed, 2020)
• College & Career Guide for Students with Disabilities (study.com 2020)
• Walker, Alyssa, 5 Tips to Be Successful in College With Narcolepsy (2020) - apllies to circadian rhythm sleep disorders too

Disability Income

• Giorgetti, Lisa, Social Security Disability Application Process with Narcolepsy (2014)
• Mansbach P, Applying for Disability (2012) - excerpted from a Narcolepsy Network presentation
• Social Security Disability: Appealing Denied Claims - from Nolo
• Disability Advisor - Your Information Source For Disability Benefits (2017)

UK Information

• Equality Act 2010
• Definition of disability under the Equality Act 2010
• Equality Act 2010 Guidance (Office for Disability Issues, May 2011) - Guidance on matters to be taken into account in determining questions relating to the definition of disability
• ATOS (Healthcare) Experiences - Facebook group for people in the UK who are having trouble keeping disability benefits due to failing the ATOS Work Capability Assessment.
• Disability Rights UK - a support organization

Strategies

• Gefter, Amanda, The Night Girl Finds a Day Boy (New York Times, Dec 23, 2016) - a lovely (and true) romance
• Frieman, Richie, 3 Morning Etiquette Rules for Early Risers (Aug 27, 2014)
• Miserandino, Christine, The Spoon Theory written by Christine Miserandino (2010) - the spoon analogy is sometimes used by people with invisible disabilities to help others understand their limited personal energy

Sleep Organizations

General

U.S. and Global

• American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) - also provides sleep lab accreditation
• American Board of Sleep Medicine - provides sleep doctor certification
• National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) - includes sleep (U.S.)
•    2021 National Institutes of Health Sleep Disorders Research Plan (NIH National Center On Sleep Disorders Research, Dec 2021) - including circadian sleep disorders
• National Sleep Foundation
• Paradise Sleep
• Project Sleep
• Sleep Disorders Guide
• Sleep Research Society
• Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine

Outside the U.S.

• European Sleep Research Society - ESRS - on Facebook
• Nederlandse vereniging voor Slaap - Waak Onderzoek (NSWO)
• Sleep Action (Formerly: Sleep Scotland) - for parents of children with additional support needs
• Société Française de Recherche et Médecine du Sommeil (SFRMS)

Specific Sleep Disorders

• American Sleep Apnea Association
• Circadian Sleep Disorders Network - (this website)
• Hypersomnia Foundation
• Kleine-Levin Syndrome Foundation
• Narcolepsy Network
• Narcolepsy Infographic (2013)
• Narcolepsy, Wake-Up Narcolepsy
• RLS Foundation - Restless Legs Syndrome, aka Willis-Ekbom disease
• Sighted Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder

Other groups concerned with circadian sleep differences

• B-Society - flexibility in work hours
• Center for Environmental Therapeutics - light therapy
• Facebook: Circadian Sleep Disorders Network - Our Facebook page
• SOLG - Light and Health Research Foundation - Netherlands (English version)
• Start School Later - a movement to start secondary schools later (US)
  Circadian Sleep Disorders Network is a Coalition Partner
• Circadian Mental Health Network

Rare Disease Organizations

• NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders - U.S.
• ORDR - Office of Rare Diseases Research - U.S. National Institutes of Health
• Orphanet - Europe and Canada - rare diseases and orphan drugs
• Rare Disease UK - U.K.

General Sleep Information

Sleep - General

• PubMed - search the medical literature (U.S. National Library of Medicine)
• ClinicalTrials.gov - list of ongoing clinical studies around the world (U.S. NIH)


• Lockley, Steven W, and Foster, Russell G, Sleep: A Very Short Introduction (2012 book) - an excellent summary
• NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan (NIH National Center On Sleep Disorders Research, Dec 2021)
• NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan (NIH National Center On Sleep Disorders Research, Nov 2011) - the previous plan
• Zee PC, Badr MS, Kushida C et at, Strategic Opportunities in Sleep and Circadian Research: Report of the Joint Task Force of the Sleep Research Society and American Academy of Sleep Medicine (Sleep. 2014 Feb 1; 37(2): 219-227) - a follow-up to the NIH plan above
• Glovinsky, Paul and Spielman, Arthur, The Insomnia Answer (2006 book)
• Sleep Disorders (on Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine))
• Shahid A, Chung SA, Phillipson R, Shapiro CM, An approach to long-term sedative-hypnotic use (2012) - long-term use may not be as bad as has been suggested
• Sheldon SH, Kryger MH, Ferber R, and Gozal D, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, 2nd Ed (2014 book)
• Duerr, Anna, Common biomarkers of sleep debt found in humans, rats, study finds (Medical Press Feb 12,2015)
• Sellman, Tamara Kaye, SleepyHead Central (ongoing) - lively blog about sleep topics
• Sellman, Tamara Kaye, What is sleep architecture? (Stages and Cycles) (Sleep Resolutions, June 7, 2016)
• Hales, Derek, A Kid's Guide to Understanding Sleep (2016)
• Yonatan, Reuben, 18 Science-Backed Sleep Tips to Make You More Productive (2017)
• Konnikova, Maria, A Gene That Makes You Need Less Sleep? (The New Yorker [online], Aug 21, 2014)
• Underwood, Emily, Sleep: The Ultimate Brainwasher? (2013) - the body cleans the brain of toxic metabolic byproducts during sleep
• Leaver, Kate, Could it be your gut keeping you awake at night? (The Guardian, 19 Mar 2018)
• Weaver MD, Sletten TL, Foster RG et al, Adverse impact of polyphasic sleep patterns in humans: Report of the National Sleep Foundation sleep timing and variability consensus panel (Sleep Health, Mar 29, 2021)
• Pennisi, Elizabeth, The Simplest Of Slumbers: Evidence from evolutionarily ancient creatures is revealing that sleep is not just for the brain (Science, 28 Oct 2021)
• Kendall, Peter, This device may nudge your brain into deep sleep (Washington Post, May 28, 2022) - [paywall]
• Coyne, Kelly, Couples with separate bedrooms say it helps their relationship (Washington Post, May 18, 2024) - [may have paywall]
• Vozza, Stephanie, Why you shouldn't blame blue light for your sleep issues (Fast Company, 6/27/2024) - Reseach by Michael Gradisar et al.
• Bauducco s, Pillion M, Bartel K, Reynolds C, Kahn M and Gradisar M, A bidirectional model of sleep and technology use: A theoretical review of How much, for whom, and which mechanisms (Sleep Medicine Reviews 76, Aug 2024) - the research paper for above article

Circadian Rhythm

Books

• Foster, Russell, Life Time: Your Body Clock and Its Essential Roles in Good Health and Sleep (2022)
• Roenneberg, Till, Internal Time: Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You're So Tired (2012)
• Popova, Maria, Internal Time: The Science of Chronotypes, Social Jet Lag, and Why You're So Tired (2012) - review of above book, good summary
• Refinetti R, Circadian Physiology (CRC Press, 2005)
• Binkley, Susan, Biological Clocks (1997)
• Dunlap, Jay C, Loros, Jennifer J, and DeCoursey, Patricia J, Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping (2009)
• Koukkari, Willard L and Sothern, Robert B, Introducing Biological Rhythms: A Primer on the Temporal Organization of Life, with Implications for Health, Society, Reproduction, and the Natural Environment (2006)
• Schur, Carolyn, Birds of a Different Feather: Early Birds and Night Owls Talk About Their Characteristic Behaviours (1994)

Non-Technical Articles

• Featured Topic: Circadian Rhythms (NIH (NIGMS), 2025)
• Macdonald, Cynthia, Timing is Everything (2012) - an introduction to circadian rhythms
• Siegel, LJ, The Time of Our Lives (2012) - a discussion of the body clock and its underlying genes
• Cromie, William J, Human Biological Clock Set Back an Hour (1999) - circadian rhythm is 24.2 hours, not 25 hours as previously thought
• Zimmer, Carl, Our Strange, Important, Subconscious Light Detectors (2012) - on the third kind of light receptor, ipRGCs
• Photosensitive ganglion cell (Wikipedia article on ipRGCs)
• Roenneberg, Till, Social Jetlag and Its Consequences (2012)
• Ghose, Tia, Arctic Reindeer Go Off the Circadian Clock (Wired, 2/11/2010)
• Key insights into how the internal body clock is tuned (Aug 21, 2014)
• Foster, Russell, How the eye regulates your body clock... (2013)
• Kyriacou, Charalambos, Model Organisms - Drosophila (2011) - circadian rhythms and fruit fly genes
• Yong, Ed, How Jetlag Disrupts The Ticks of Your Microbial Clock (Phenomena, National Geographic Online, 2014)
• Block, Gene D, Our Internal Sleep Clocks Are Out of Sync (The Wall Street Journal, Aug 14, 2014)
• How Bright the Night? Light and Human Health (Illinois Coalition for Responsible Outdoor Lighting, Feb 2012) - includes a very readable description of circadian rhythms
• Refinetti R, Dictionary of Circadian Physiology (CRC Press, 2005)
• Williams, Sarah CP, Hacking the biological clock (Stanford 2015) - a nice introduction
• Barnes, Christopher M, The Ideal Work Schedule, as Determined by Circadian Rhythms (Harvard Business School, Jan 28, 2015) - very general
• Duhaime-Ross, Arielle, Being a 'morning person' has a genetic basis, 23andMe study says (The Verge, Feb 2, 2016) - also applies to being an 'evening person'
• Kaplan, Sarah, What a year of working the graveyard shift taught me about sleep (Washington Post Online 4/20/2016) - circadian rhythm and shift work
• Powering up the circadian rhythm (MedicalXpress, May 26, 2016) - manipulating the amplitude, rather than the phase, of the circadian rhythm
• Lieff, John, Synchronizing with Brain Clocks (Blog: Searching for the Mind, Jan 1, 2017)
• Aubrey, Allison, How Messing With Our Body Clocks Can Raise Alarms With Health (Shots - Health News From NPR, Oct 2, 2017)
• Smell sensitivity varies with circadian rhythm, study suggests (Brown, Oct 26, 2017)
• Impact of Delayed Meal Times on the Body's Biological Clocks (Chronobiology, Oct 19, 2017)
• Tick Tock: Your Body Clocks - Understanding Your Daily Rhythms (NIH News In Health, Apr 2018)
• 2-Minute Neuroscience: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (2016) - with 1 minute on the molecular clock
• Disrupted circadian rhythms may drive anxiety and exacerbate brain disorders (ScienceDaily, Nov 5, 2018)
• Laber-Warren, Emily, New Office Hours Aim for Well Rested, More Productive Workers (New York Times - Mind, Dec 24, 2018)
• Molteni, Megan, Drugs That Boost Our Circadian Rhythms Could Save Our Lives (Wired, 2019)
• Morris, Amanda, Newly discovered neural pathway processes acute light to affect sleep (Northwestern Now, July 19, 2019) - Different pathways process long-term circadian rhythms and short-term exposure to light
• Hoyt, Alia, Why are some people early birds and others are night owls? (howstuffworks.com, Aug 2015)
• Saxby D and Hahn-Holbrook J, Human breast milk may help babies tell time via circadian signals from mom (MedicalXpress Aug 6, 2019)
• The Circadian Rhythms Issue (Scholastic Pathways, NIH, 2020) - a simple introduction for students and teachers
• Harrison, Sara, The Pandemic Changed Sleep Habits. Maybe That's a Good Thing (Wired 07.05.2021) - workers should adjust their workdays to their sleep schedules
• Burgess HJ and Swanson LM, Circadian Rhythms Across the Lifespan (Psychiatric Times, 2020)
• Milliken C, The Rhythm of Sleep (Northwestern Magazine, Winter 2022)
• Maughan, Philip, The Rediscovery Of Circadian Rhythms (Noema, Aug 3, 2023)
• Zaske, Sara, Bear genes show circadian rhythms even during hibernation (Washington State Univ, Nov 16, 2023)

Daylight Saving Time (DST) and Related Topics

• Rishi MA, Ahmed O, Barrantes Perez JH et al, Daylight saving time: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement (J Clin Sleep Med, Vol 16, Issue 10, Oct 15, 2020) - argument for year-round standard time
• Flynn-Evans, Erin & Hilditch, Cassie, Why we should let the sun set on Daylight Saving Time (Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, 25 Oct 2020) - argument for year-round standard time
• Roenneberg T, Winnebeck EC, and Klerman EB, Daylight Saving Time and Artificial Time Zones — A Battle Between Biological and Social Times (Front Physiol. 2019; 10: 944)
• Cermakian N, Lakin-Thomas P, and Martino T, Turn back the clock on Daylight Savings: Why Standard Time all year round is the healthy choice (The Globe and Mail (Canada), Nov 2, 2019) - even more true for DSPD people
• Ingraham, Christopher, How living on the wrong side of a time zone can be hazardous to your health (Wash. Post, Apr 19, 2019)
• Giuntella O and Mazzonna F, Sunset time and the economic effects of social jetlag: evidence from US time zone borders (J Health Econ. 2019 May;65:210-226) - significant effect on health going to a later time zone
• Headlee C, Miller-Medzon K and Hagan A, How permanent standard time could save lives, explained by a sleep expert (WBUR/NPR, Apr 7, 2022) - (Dr Czeisler is the sleep expert)
• Snider JH and Ziporyn T, A Smarter Way to Solve the Daylight Saving and Standard Time Debate (ISE: ICT Solutions & Education, Jan 9 2023) - develop a gradual changeover from winter time to summer time

Testing for Circadian Phase

• Braun R, Kath WL, Iwanaszko M, et al, Universal method for robust detection of circadian state from gene expression (PNAS 115(39) E9247-E9256, Sept 25, 2018) - we note this has not been tested on circadian disordered people
• Are You a Night Owl or Early Bird? New Test Tells Time of Internal Clock (Healthline, Sept 25, 2018)
• Makin, Simon, A Blood Test for the Body's Clock (Scientific American, Jan 2019)

Research Papers

• Duffy, JF and Wright, KP Jr, Entrainment of the Human Circadian System by Light (2005)
• Duffy, JF and Czeisler, CA, Effect of Light on Human Circadian Physiology (2009) - a fairly recent summary
• Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL, et al, Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker (1999)
• Duffy JF, Cain SW, Chang AM, et al, Sex difference in the near-24-hour intrinsic period of the human circadian timing system (2011)
• Burgess HJ, Legasto CS, Fogg LF, Smith MR, Can small shifts in circadian phase affect performance? (2013)
• Cuesta M, Cermakian N, Boivin DB, Glucocorticoids entrain molecular clock components in human peripheral cells (The FASEB Journal, Dec 2014 [online])
• Chang A-M, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA, Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness (PNAS, Nov 2014)
• Walmsley L, Hanna L, Mouland J, et al, Colour As a Signal for Entraining the Mammalian Circadian Clock (PLOS Biology, April 17, 2015)
• Benloucif S, Guico MJ, Reid KJ et al, Stability of Melatonin and Temperature as Circadian Phase Markers and Their Relation to Sleep Times in Humans (Journal Of Biological Rhythms, April 2005)
• Mullington JM, Abbott SM, Carroll JE, et al, Developing Biomarker Arrays Predicting Sleep and Circadian-Coupled Risks to Health (Sleep, Apr 1 2016, 39(4), 727-736) - review article
• Rijo-Ferreira F, Carvalho T, Afonso C, et al, Sleeping sickness is a circadian disorder (Nature Communications 9, Article number: 62 (2018))
• Fischer D, Lombardi DA, Marucci-Wellman H, Roenneberg T, Chronotypes in the US — Influence of age and sex (PLOS One, June 21, 2017)
• Yuanyuan Li, Yanli Hao, Fang Fan, and Bin Zhang, The Role of Microbiome in Insomnia, Circadian Disturbance and Depression (Front Psychiatry. 2018; 9: 669)
• Voigt RM, Forsyth CB, Green SJ et al, Circadian Rhythm and the Gut Microbiome (Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016;131:193-205)
• Blask D, Brainard G, Gibbons R, et al, Light Pollution: Adverse Health Effects of Nighttime Lighting (Council On Science And Public Health Report A-12, American Medical Association, 2012)
• Brainard G, Stevens R, and Motta M, Human and Environmental Effects of Light Emitting Diode (LED) Community Lighting (Council On Science And Public Health Report 2-A-16, American Medical Association, 2018)
• Horne JA and Ostberg O, A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms ( Int J Chronobiol.1976;4(2):97-110) - Morning types had a significantly earlier peak time than Evening types and tended to have a higher daytime temperature and lower post peak temperature


• PubCrawler - list of new articles on circadian issues in the past week

Circadian Rhythm Involvement in Other Disorders

Multiple Disorders

• Logan RW and McClung CA, Rhythms of life: circadian disruption and brain disorders across the lifespan (Nat Rev Neurosci. 2019 Jan; 20(1): 49-65)

Addiction, Alcoholism

• Milios, Rita, What Role does Your Biological Clock Play in Recovery? (recovery.org, 2015) - touches on alcohol and drug addiction
• Huang M-C, Ho C-W, Chen C-H et al, Reduced Expression of Circadian Clock Genes in Male Alcoholic Patients (Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 11, 24 AUG 2010)

ADHD

• Mortlock A and Hoggarth P, Late Nights, Later Days: The Under-Recognized Impact of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in ADHD (ADDitude Magazine Jan 2024, updated Jan 2025)
• Baird AL, Coogan AN, Siddiqui A et al, Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with alterations in circadian rhythms at the behavioural, endocrine and molecular levels. (Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:988-995)
• Marching to a different beat: ADHD and circadian rhythms (2012) - a discussion of the Baird paper above, has more info than the above abstract
• Dodson, William, ADHD and Sleep Problems: Why You're Always So Tired (ADDitude Magazine, 2004 updated 2019)
• Patrick, Regina, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome May Be Linked (A2Zzz Magazine, AAST, 2019Q3)
• The Overlooked Connection Between ADHD and Sleep (SciShow Psych, undated)
• Antle MC, van Diepen HC, Deboer T et al, Methylphenidate Modifies the Motion of the Circadian Clock (Neuropsychopharmacology 2012 Oct;37(11):2446-55) - delays the clock in mice
• Gamble KL, May RS, Besing RC et al, Delayed sleep timing and symptoms in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled actigraphy study (Chronobiol Int. 2013 May;30(4):598-606)
• Bijlenga D, Vollebregt MA, Kooij JJS, Arns M, The role of the circadian system in the etiology and pathophysiology of ADHD: time to redefine ADHD? (Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 2019 Mar;11(1):5-19)
• Free Download: Sleep Disorders Linked to ADHD (ADDitude, May 5, 2023)
• Mortlock A and Hoggarth P, Late Nights, Later Days: The Under-Recognized Impact of Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome in ADHD (ADDitude Magazine Jan 2024)
• Crenshaw, Wes, What Comes First: ADHD or Sleep Problems? (ADDitudemag.com Apr 2024)

The following are not specific to circadian disorders, but to sleep deficit generally

• Guyardo, Gail, Health Alert: ADHD or sleep disorder? New study suggests similar symptoms (WFLA, 2015)
• Cha, Ariana Eunjung, Could some ADHD be a type of sleep disorder? That would fundamentally change how we treat it. (Wash. Post, Sept 20, 2017)
• Thakkar, Vatsal G, Diagnosing the Wrong Deficit (2013) - many people diagnosed with ADHD are really suffering from lack of good sleep
• Is ADHD really a sleep problem? (Science Daily, Sept 4, 2017)
• Becky, Our son's Sleep Disorder was misdiagnosed as ADHD & a "behavior problem" (Your Modern Family) - Mar 11, 2019
• Thakkar, Vatsal G, How Sleep Deprivation Looks a Lot Like ADHD (ADDitude Magazine, Mar 2022)

Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias

• UCI study finds jet lag-like sleep disruptions spur Alzheimer's memory, learning loss (EurekAlert (AAAAS), Oct. 28, 2015)
• Doheny, Kathleen, Long-term Shift Work May Drain the Brain, Study Reports (HealthDay, Nov 3, 2014)
• Body clock disruptions occur years before memory loss in Alzheimer's (Washington University School of Medicine, Jan 29, 2018)

The following are not specific to circadian disorders, but to sleep deficit generally

• Sleep Loss Precedes Alzheimer's Symptoms (National Sleep Foundation, 2016)
• Marchionne V, Alzheimer's disease, dementia progression and onset linked to chronic sleep disturbances, poor sleep quality (Bel Marra Health, Oct 2016)
• Milán J, Lack of sleep and untreated depression may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (Medical Press, Sept 2016)
• Alzheimer's wake-up call: Can getting quality sleep help prevent the disease? (Harvard Health Publications, Sept, 2017)
• Sleep deprivation increases Alzheimer's protein (NIH Research Matters, Apr 24 2018)
• Weiler, Nicholas, Alzheimer's Disease Destroys Neurons that Keep Us Awake (UCSF Aug 12, 2019)

Asthma

• Harrison, Sara, Why Does Asthma Get Worse at Night? (Science 09.21.2021)

Autism

• Facebook group on Sighted Non-24 & Autism
• Glickman, G, Circadian rhythms and sleep in children with autism (2010)
• Hare DJ, Jones S, Evershed K, A comparative study of circadian rhythm functioning and sleep in people with Asperger syndrome (2006)
• Dawson, M, The circadian prison (2012)
• Nuwer, Rachel, Body clock genes may set pace for sleep issues in autism (SFARI, Jun 19, 2015)
• Williams, Chloe, Cracking autism's sleep conundrum (Spectrum News, 25 Feb 2022)
• Dodge, Kat, Research Brief: Clock gene mutation found to contribute to the development of autism (U. Minn., Mar 2022)
• Grossi, Giuliana, Patients with Autism Experience Alarming Rates of Sleep Problems (HCPLive, May 18, 2023)

Bipolar Disorder

• Bipolar Disorder and Sleep Problems (WebMD, undated)
• Takaesu Y, Inoue Y, Murakoshi A, et al, Prevalence of Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders and Associated Factors in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder (PLOS One, July 21, 2016) - 32.4% had CRSDs
• Talih F, Gebara NY, Andary FS et al, Delayed sleep phase syndrome and bipolar disorder: Pathogenesis and available common biomarkers (Sleep Medicine Reviews 41, October 2018, Pages 133-140)
• Wehr TA, Bipolar mood cycles associated with lunar entrainment of a circadian rhythm (Transl Psychiatry. 2018; 8: 151)
• Moreira J and Geoffroy PA, Lithium and bipolar disorder: Impacts from molecular to behavioural circadian rhythms (Chronobiol Int. 2016;33(4):351-73) - Lithium delays sleep phase and lengthens rhythms
• McCarthy MJ, Wei H, Nieverget CM et al, Chronotype and cellular circadian rhythms predict the clinical response to lithium maintenance treatment in patients with bipolar disorder (Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019 Feb;44(3):620-628) - Lithium therapy is more successful in morning types

Covid-19

• Coelho J, Micoulaud-Franchi J-A, Wiet A-S et at, Circadian misalignment is associated with Covid-19 infection (Sleep Med. 2022 May;93:71-74)

Depression, OCD, Other Psychiatric

see also Bipolar Disorder, above

• Carey, Benedict, Sleep Therapy Seen as an Aid for Depression (2013) - not clear which causes which
• Welsh DK and Moore-Ede MC, Lithium lengthens circadian period in a diurnal primate, Saimiri sciureus (Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Jul 15;28(2):117-26)
• Lange KW, Lange KM, Hauser J, et al, Circadian rhythms in obsessive-compulsive disorder (J Neural Transm. 2012 Oct;119(10):1077-83)
• Friedman, Richard A, Yes, Your Sleep Schedule Is Making You Sick (New York Times, Mar 10, 2017) - depression, triple chronotherapy
• Dagan Y, Stein D, Steinbock M et al, Frequency of delayed sleep phase syndrome among hospitalized adolescent psychiatric patients (J Psychosom Res. 1998 Jul;45(1):15-20)
• Hermesh H, Lemberg H, Abadi J, Dagan Y, Circadian rhythm sleep disorders as a possible side effect of fluvoxamine (CNS Spectr. 2001 Jun;6(6):511-3) - also called Luvox. Other SSRIs such as Zoloft do not show this effect.
• Gee B, Orchard F, Clarke E et al, The effect of non-pharmacological sleep interventions on depression symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (Sleep Medicine Reviews 43, Feb 2019, pp 118-128)
• Abbott SM, Reid KJ, and Zee PC, Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders (Psychiatric Clinics, Dec 2015; 38:4, pp.805-823) - correlation with psychiatric disorders
• Liu JW, Tu YK, Lai YF et al, Associations between sleep disturbances and suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis (Sleep, 42, 6, June 2019)
• McGlashan EM, Drummond SPA, Cain SW, Evening types demonstrate reduced SSRI treatment efficacy (Chronobiol Int. 2018 Aug;35(8):1175-1178)
• Lee H-J, Rex KM, Nievergelt CM et al, Delayed sleep phase syndrome is related to seasonal affective disorder (J Affect Disord. 2011 Oct; 133(3): 573-579)
• Burns AC, Saxena R, Vetter C, et al, Time spent in outdoor light is associated with mood, sleep, and circadian rhythm-related outcomes: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study in over 400,000 UK Biobank participants (Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol 295, 1 Dec 2021)

Diabetes

• Resetting Our Internal Circadian Clocks May Help Control Diabetes (Univ of Geneva, 2020)
• Colwell CS and Matveyenko AV, Timing Is Everything: Implications for Metabolic Consequences of Sleep Restriction (Diabetes June 2014 vol. 63 no. 6 1826-1828)
• Gale JE, Cox HI, Qian J, et al, Disruption of Circadian Rhythms Accelerates Development of Diabetes through Pancreatic Beta-Cell Loss and Dysfunction (J Biol Rhythms. 2011 Oct;26(5):423-33)
• Spiegel K, Leproult R, L'hermite-Balériaux M, et al, Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin (J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Nov;89(11):5762-71)
• Leproult R, Holmbäck U, Van Cauter E, Circadian misalignment augments markers of insulin resistance and inflammation, independently of sleep loss (Diabetes. 2014 Jun;63(6):1860-9)
• Skinner NJ, Rizwan MZ, Grattan DR and Tups A, Chronic light cycle-disruption alters central insulin and leptin signalling as well as metabolic markers in male mice (Endocrinology, en.2018-00935, 5 July 2019)
• Study links irregular sleep patterns to metabolic disorders (NIH News Release June 5, 2019)

Digestive Disorders

• Vaughn B, Rotolo S, Roth H, Circadian rhythm and sleep influences on digestive physiology and disorders (Dovepress 2014:4,67-77, 2 Sept 2014)
• Digestive Disorders and Your Internal Clock (Chronobiology [website] undated)

Fibromyalgia

The following is not specific to circadian disorders, but to sleep deficit generally

• Meskill, Gerard, Is Fibromyalgia Syndrome a Myth? No, But It Just Might Be a Sleep Disorder (Stanford Center for Sleep Sciences and Medicine, in Huffpost, 2014)

Heart Disease

• Study finds irregular sleep patterns double the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults (NHLBI News, Mar 2, 2020)

Insomnia

• Flynn-Evans EE, Shekleton JA, Miller B et al, Circadian Phase and Phase Angle Disorders in Primary Insomnia (Sleep, Dec 1, 2017) - many people with insomnia have a later circadian phase than normal sleepers
• Arnesen IB, Bjorvatn B, Pallesen S, et al, Insomnia in adolescent epidemiological studies: To what extent can the symptoms be explained by circadian factors? (Chronobiology International 15 Jan 2025) - in most cases, it seems

Menstruation - see PMDD

Migraine and Cluster Headaches

• Claustrat B, Brun J, Chiquet C et al, Melatonin secretion is supersensitive to light in migraine (2004) - low levels of light affects melatonin in migraine sufferers, even when headache-free
• Rovers J and Smits M, Headache and Sleep: Also Assess Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders (Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, Vol 54, No 1, 175-177, Jan 2014)
• Hamilton, Jon, A Sleep Gene Has A Surprising Role In Migraines (Shots: Health News from NPR, May 1, 2013)
• Pringsheim T, Cluster headache: evidence for a disorder of circadian rhythm and hypothalamic function (Can J Neurol Sci. 2002 Feb;29(1):33-40)
• Stoschitzky K, Sakotnik A, Lercher P et al, Influence of beta-blockers on melatonin release (Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Apr;55(2):111-5) - beta-blockers such as propranolol decrease melatonin
• Fares, Auda, Night-time exogenous melatonin administration may be a beneficial treatment for sleeping disorders in beta blocker patients (J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 2011 Jul-Sep; 2(3): 153-155)
• Gonçalves AL, Martini Ferreira A, Ribeiro RT et al, Randomised clinical trial comparing melatonin 3 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg and placebo for migraine prevention (J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Oct; 87(10): 1127-1132)
• Burish MJ, Chen Z, and Yoo S-H, Cluster headache is, in part, a circadian disorder (JAMA Neurol. 2018 Jul 1; 75(7): 783-784)
• Benkl B, Kim SY, Koike N et al, Circadian Features of Cluster Headache and Migraine: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Genetic Analysis (Neurology, Mar 29 2023)

Myopia

• Chakraborty R, Micic G, Thorley L et al, Myopia, or near-sightedness, is associated with delayed melatonin circadian timing and lower melatonin output in young adult humans (Sleep 44, 3, March 2021)

Multiple Sclerosis

• Multiple Sclerosis and Sleep (National Sleep Foundation) - doesn't mention CRDs, but we believe these are likely also associated

Narcolepsy and Ideopathic Hypersomnia

• Janjua T, Samp T, Cramer-Bornemann M et al, Clinical caveat: prior sleep deprivation can affect the MSLT for days (Sleep Med. 2003 Jan;4(1):69-72) - DSPS can masquerade as narcolepsy or IH
• Goldbart A, Peppard P, Finn L et al, Narcolepsy and Predictors of Positive MSLTs in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort (Sleep. 2014 Jun 1; 37(6): 1043-1051) - "The diagnostic value of multiple sleep latency tests is strongly altered by shift work and to a lesser extent by chronic sleep deprivation"
• Gimino VJ, Sleep Deprivation Can Affect the MSLT for Days (J Clin Sleep Med. 2011 Dec 15; 7(6): 683)
• Huang YS, Guilleminault C, et al, Multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy type 1 and narcolepsy type 2: A 5-year follow-up study (Wiley Online Library, 29 May 2018) - MSLT not conclusive for narcolepsy type 2
• Ruoff C, Pizza F, Trotti LM et al, The MSLT is Repeatable in Narcolepsy Type 1 But Not Narcolepsy Type 2: A Retrospective Patient Study (J Clin Sleep Med. 2018 Jan 15; 14(1): 65-74)
• Landzberg D and Trotti LM, Is Idiopathic Hypersomnia a Circadian Rhythm Disorder? (Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2019 Dec; 5(4): 201-206)

Nocturia

• Kim JW, Moon YT and Kim KD, Nocturia: The circadian voiding disorder (Investig Clin Urol. 2016 May;57(3):165-173)

Parkinson's Disease

• Videnovic A and Golombek D, Circadian dysregulation in Parkinson's disease (Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms, Vol 2, pp.53-58, January 2017)
• Roy, Sree, For Sleep-Wake Cycle Symptoms of Parkinson's, Light Therapy Shows Promise (Sleep Review, Feb 2018)

PMDD (Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder)

• Baker FC and Driver HS, Circadian rhythms, sleep, and the menstrual cycle (Sleep Med. 2007 Sep;8(6):613-22)
• Barry BS, Berga SL, Mosgofi N et al, Plasma melatonin circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and after light therapy in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects (J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Feb;12(1):47-64)
• Barry BL, Udell C, Elliott JA et al, Blunted phase-shift responses to morning bright light in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (J Biol Rhythms. 1997 Oct;12(5):443-56)
• Chen W, Zhang H, Guo B et al, Melatonin refines ovarian mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS by regulating the circadian rhythm gene Clock (Cell Mol Life Sci. 2025 Mar 6;82(1):104)

PTSD

• Green, Peter S, For Our Returning Troops, Post-Traumatic Sleep Disorders Are the New PTSD (Van Winkle's, Oct 20, 2015)

Weight Gain

• Laber-Warren, Emily, Eating Late at Night: The New Science of Why It's Making You Fat (Reader's Digest, May 2016)

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

General Effects

• Banks, S and Dinges, DF, Behavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction (2007)
• Sleep Deprivation Effects: 8 Scary Side Effects Of Too Little Shut-Eye (2013)
• What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency? (NIH Natl Heart Lung & Blood Inst, undated)
• Breus, Michael J, Chronic Poor Sleep May Lead to Lasting Brain Damage (Huffpost Healthy Living, June 21, 2014)
• Gaudreau H, Morettini J, Lavoie HB, Carrier J, Effects of a 25-h sleep deprivation on daytime sleep in the middle-aged (Neurobiol Aging. 2001 May-Jun;22(3):461-8) - it gets worse with age
• Cooke, Rachel, 'Sleep should be prescribed': what those late nights out could be costing you (The Guardian, 24 Sept 2017) - "No aspect of our biology is left unscathed by sleep deprivation"
• Colten HR and Altevogt BM, eds, Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem (National Academies Press, 2006) - book
• Weber, Lauren, Go Ahead, Hit the Snooze Button (2012) - Wall Street Journal on the costs of not enough sleep
• Czeisler, C et al, Fighting The Clock: How America's Sleep Deficit is Damaging Longterm Health (2012) - forum at Harvard (video)
• Collins F, Sleep Loss Encourages Spread of Toxic Alzheimer's Protein (NIH Director's Blog, Feb 5, 2019)
• Narcolepsy & Brain Fog Toolkit (Project Sleep, 2021)

Eating and Weight

• St Onge, MP, et al, Short Sleep Duration, Glucose Dysregulation and Hormonal Regulation of Appetite in Men and Women (2012) - shortened sleep leads to overeating
• Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E, Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite (Ann Intern Med. 2004 Dec 7;141(11):846-50)

Depression

• Sleeping Too Little May Contribute To Depression (2011)

Immunity

• Haspel JA, Anafi R, Brown MK et al, Perfect timing: circadian rhythms, sleep, and immunity – an NIH workshop summary (JCI Insight. 2020;5(1):e131487) - “it is increasingly clear that circadian gating is part of the core programing of the immune system, and thus, alteration of this regimen is likely to have widespread ramifications for disease pathogenesis”
• Short sleep reduces effectiveness of vaccines (2012)
• Besedovsky L, Lange T, and Haack M, The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (Physiol Rev. 2019 Jul 1;99(3):1325-1380)
• Spiegel K, Sheridan JF, and Van Cauter E, Effect of sleep deprivation on response to immunization (JAMA. 2002;288(12):1471-1472) - (no abstract)
• Brown R, Pang G, Husband AJ, and King MG, Suppression of immunity to influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract following sleep disturbance (Reg Immunol. 1989;2(5):321-325)

Medications

For information about melatonin, please see Melatonin on our Treatments page.

• Lo, HS et al, Treatment effects of gabapentin for primary insomnia (2010)
• Kripke, DF, Langer, RD, and Kline, LE, Hypnotics' association with mortality or cancer: a matched cohort study (2012) - associates higher mortality rates with sleeping pills

Other

• Reflex tests to see how tired you are
• What Are Sleep Studies? - Information provided by NIH
• Hegarty, Stephanie, The myth of the eight-hour sleep (2012) - sleep used to be biphasic

In The News

• Sholars, Mike, Sleep equity: good for night owls and early birds (2020) - people do better work on their own rhythm
• Collins F, Sleep Loss Encourages Spread of Toxic Alzheimer's Protein (NIH Director's Blog, Feb 5, 2019)
• Laber-Warren, Emily, New Office Hours Aim for Well Rested, More Productive Workers (New York Times - Mind, Dec 24, 2018)
• Neergaard, Lauran, Wanted: 1 million people to study genes, habits and health (Associated Press, Sept 25, 2017)

• Way to control internal clocks discovered (ScienceDaily, 23 Dec 2014)
• Akash, M, Soma, H, Yamamoto, T, et al, Noninvasive method for assessing the human circadian clock using hair follicle cells (2010) - notes that "the 3-wk adaptation period is not enough to advance the phase of the molecular clock by 4 h"
• Mott, Meghan, Brain Protein Affects Aging and Sleep (2013) - affects the expression of circadian genes
• Discovery of Chemical That Affects Biological Clock Offers New Way to Treat Diabetes (2012)
• Tarkan, L, Aging of Eyes Is Blamed for Range of Health Woes (2012) - including reducing circadian response